Emperor and Electors: Emperor and Empire in a Single Image, Germany’s Joyous Salute (1663–64)
Abstract
This copperplate engraving by Abraham Aubry shows Emperor Leopold I (1640–1705) among his electors. The engraving presents Leopold as the embodiment of the empire; at the same time, it gives due attention to his electors and thereby renders visible the empire’s constitutional structure. The iconography supports the accompanying verse, which celebrates “our Leopold, the German leader and Emperor,” while recognizing the “throng of princes, who hold up our German Empire, like marble columns.”
Until the seventeenth century, figural arrangements of this sort were mainstays of imperial imagery—they offered a way to represent the entirety of the empire, both as an association of persons and as a unit capable of action. In this case, the necessary action would have been defending the Holy Roman Empire against the Ottoman Empire. Leopold I. presided over the empire from 1658 to 1705, a period characterized by frequent conflict with the Ottomans. Indeed, war is referenced in the engraving itself in the pictures-within-pictures that appear behind the electors. The accompanying verse, which is transcribed below, introduces this conflict as battle between Christianity and (Muslim) tyranny, between the German fatherland and a Turkish enemy, a “wrathful lion’s brood” that “rushed and stormed the borders of our empire, with unbridled wrath.”
Source
Germany’s Joyous Salute Welcome, joyous light! You long-desired time! To be found at Paulus Fürsten, Art Dealer in Nuremberg. Translation: Kathleen Dell’Orto
To Happy
Continuation of the Gathering of the Holy Roman Empire’s Highest Leaders
and Members, Conducted with God in Regensburg.
Says our
fatherland, which revels in hope,
As it now sees the gods from
German soil,
How they are now gathering in great numbers.
Now,
in the great distress put upon us by God,
Who, because of our sins,
has set upon us
The Mohammedan host, which presses us so
fiercely
And wants to force Christ’s free people into
servitude.
Oh God! How they, that wrathful lion’s brood,
Have
rushed and stormed the borders of our empire,
With unbridled wrath,
how they have plagued us Germans
With threats, and with stinging
whips
Have sought to chasten us, so that through their
hand
The dear German land would be destroyed,
Without the
land’s old wounds of war
Being all healed, the wounds which we so
sorely felt,
That pain still stabs our legs without cease,
And
many a man, comfortless, speaks of distress and misery.
Thus, the
gods’ house gathers its forces
And through good counsel strives for
our weal,
So that the enemy’s spite, the Turks’ proud
glory,
Loses all force at last, is made a scorned mockery.
But
we, we who hate the name of war,
After we sat for thirty years in
war’s fire,
And felt its flames which scorched our skin
And
consumed all strength and power completely,
Are still not yet equal
to what now again torments us,
And if God inflicts it, may even rob
us of our breath.
If in future again returned to a state of
peace,
We would, after the stress, soon be glad for such
repose,
Which is not accustomed to jest with false deceit,
Nor
does it hide the flame in a previously kindled heart.
And too,
[instead of] what ‘til now has been deplored everywhere,
The talk
of poverty and nothing but deprivation,
May blessings, through
heavenly prosperity
From God’s gentle hand, finally bring us
joy.
May everyone at home and where his plow wheel goes,
By
his fig tree, and where his grapevine stands,
For his wife and
child in undisturbed delight,
Revel with certainty in constant
love, without grief.
Everyone who is of a German mind will
therefore rejoice,
And where valor is armed with honesty,
The
path is strewn everywhere with olive sprigs.
Where our Leopold, the
German leader and Emperor,
Together with the throng of princes, who
hold up
Our German Empire, like marble columns
That stand
without teetering, and now are seen in hosts
On the streets of the
noble city on the Ister,
Everyone calls out his hosanna to
him.
Lord! Help! Lord! Bring peace and well-enjoyed repose
In
your Christendom. Lord! Let it succeed,
That which your princes now
seek to accomplish,
To the glory of your name and our
safety.
Oh Lord! Direct their path to peace and unity.
All
right, great God has everything in his hands,
He who can give peace
and is able to send war.
Hear, you people! You people! Who are most
afflicted,
Because the Christians’ enemy commits such great
evil.
The Lord keep you and let your yearnings,
Your hopes,
and what you tightly embrace in your thoughts
Be joyfully
fulfilled. May He give word and deed,
As His Christendom has almost
long enough
Borne its guilt; now be it healed again
Of
troubles and disgrace, of blows, wounds, bruises,
And all other
afflictions. May He, God of all gods,
King, Prince of the earth,
the Ruler Zeboath,
Protect against the tyranny of Christians’
enemy
And destroy and lay waste to its battle forces.
May He
provide advice when peace is sought.
May He show means for driving
off the enemy
And routing it that it must flee,
And retreat
again on the seven paths to the land
Whence it came, not to the
Holy Land
Which does not belong to it, to the banks of hell’s
shore,
Where Mohammed’s heaven was laid open to him,
He who
was borne by devils into Pluto’s fold.
You Christian princes! All
right, you, rouse yourselves,
Go, go with God as counselor, to
protect your empire,
May God grant happiness and well-being! He
himself will rule
Your deeds and surely guide everything to a good
end.
Source: Engraving by Abraham Aubry, Nuremberg, 1663/64, in Wolfgang Harms, ed, Deutsche Illustrierte Flugblätter des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts, vol. 2. Munich, 1980, p. 379. Original: Herzog August Bibliothek (HAB) Wolfenbüttel.
Herzog August Bibliothek (HAB) Wolfenbüttel. Further reproduction only with permission of the HAB.
Further Reading
Bettina Brandt, Germania und ihre Söhne. Repräsentation von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne (Historische Semantik, vol. 10). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010.
Peter Claus Hartmann, Kulturgeschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648–1806. Verfassung. Religion. Kultur. Vienna: Böhlau, 2011.
Helmut Neuhaus, Das Reich in der frühen Neuzeit (Enzyklopädie Deutscher Geschichte, vol. 42). 2nd edition. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2003.
Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation. Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806. 4th edition. Munich: C. H. Beck, 2009.
Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. 2 vols. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.